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Introduction to Resistors

不同类型的电阻
不同类型的电阻

您可能遇到的第一个电子组件很有可能是不起眼的电阻器,漂亮且像珠一样,带有颜色带。电阻可以说,在许多情况下,对于电子世界而言,最简单的电子组件是品牌大使。

在不使用电阻器的情况下设计电路几乎是不可避免的。因此,在本文中,我们将在电子电路中看到什么是电阻及其在电子电路中必须做什么。我们还将掩盖电阻类型您可以在电路中使用。

What is a Resistor?

一个电阻从数学的角度来看,是最简单的实现欧姆定律

法律规定,流过材料的电流与在该材料上施加的电压成正比,比例常数是材料在恒定温度下的电阻。

换句话说,

V = IR

这是我们所有人都熟悉的经典公式,其中V是Volts中的电压,I是AMPS中的电流,R是电阻。

在公式的发现者之后,在欧姆中测量电阻。由于欧姆(用于更改!)量相当小的电路,因此电阻以数百欧姆,数千个欧姆(kiloohms,kΩ)或数百万欧姆(MegaOhms,mΩ)进行测量。

Resistance is analogous to friction. Friction (if you’ve been to a physics class) is simply resistance offered to motion. In the same way, resistance is the ability of a substance to resist the flow of electric current. In the next section we shall learn how they do this.

电阻如何工作?

We’ve all spent our schooldays talking about conductors and insulators. We know what a conductor is, something that allows electricity to flow through it easily. The insulator is the exact opposite – something that does not let current low through it easily.

这些properties are a direct result of resistance – conductors have a low resistance to the flow of electric current whereas insulators resist the flow of electric current to a large degree.

If we zoom right into a wire down to the atomic scale, we can see that the wire is made of tiny atoms.

电线关闭

当电子流过电线时,其中一些通过电线中的间隙穿过,但是其中一些撞击了原子并反弹,有时电子本身会碰撞。这使电子流有些不均匀且阻碍 - 这就是反抗

这也意味着电阻取决于材料本身的特性,因为电子与原子的相互作用取决于原子的大小和堆积。

人们谈论温度系数。虽然这听起来有些幻想,但我们可以使用简单的模型来理解这一点。

Temperature coefficient is simply how and how much the temperature of a material changes with temperature. Resistors have a positive temperature coefficient, in other words the resistance increases with temperature. NowPTCsandNTCSmake a lot more sense, don’t they?

考虑到我们的模型,当我们加热电线时,(从热力学上讲)向电线提供能量。这种能量被原子吸收,然后开始振动。这使电子难以通过。

这就像在人群中移动一样 - 如果人群朝着一个随机的方向移动,那么这项任务比人群静止不动(这是实际不可能的)。

Resistor Symbol

电阻符号

电阻的符号是简单的曲折ZAG。在某些国家,人们更喜欢使用盒子,但是电子界都接受了两个符号。

第二组符号是可变电阻器或变阻器,电阻可以在一定范围内变化。

简单的电阻电路和基本公式

Before we go any deeper it would be a nice idea to walk through a really简单的电阻电路知道我们正在处理什么。

考虑以下情况 - 您有绿色LEDwith a maximum current of 20mA and you want it to run off a 9V battery.

Connecting the LED directly to the battery might seem like a nice idea, but the moment the leads of the LED touch the battery terminals…KABOOM! The LED blows up. If you’re lucky, the LED will be gone in a flash, if you’re not so lucky you’ll end up with a lot of burnt LED matter.

这里发生的事情是过电流的简单情况。当您首次将LED连接到电池时,一些电流开始流动。该值大于所需的20mA,因此LED将其作为热量消散。随着LED的加热,其电阻降低(负温度系数!),这使得更多的电流流过它,并且该周期持续到半导体模具无法处理热量并吹出。

如果我们连接电阻器怎么办?我们知道欧姆定律thatV = IR,,,,if we rearrange the equation so:

r = v/i

由于我们知道电源的电压和安全点亮LED所需的电流。我们插入这些值,并获得450Ω的电阻。现在450Ω不是一个共同的值,因此最接近470Ω的值应足够。

还有另一种方法:

我们知道,绿色LED的工作电压约为3.5V,电池电压为9V。因此,我们需要在20mA时在电阻上掉落5.5V。这导致值为275Ω。

这要低于第一个计算,这是因为我们考虑了这次LED的正向电压。

Now where does all this energy go? Just like friction generate heat, resistance generates heat too.

回到我们的模型,电子与原子碰撞会增加原子的能量和大量的温度。

我们知道:

p = vi

Solving for either V or I and then substituting the values in the equation for欧姆定律we get two useful equations:

p = i2r = v2/r

其中p是瓦特中消散的功率,我是放大器中的电流,v是伏特的电压,r是AMPS中的电阻。

当然,电阻器应该能够处理我们浪费的功率,这意味着电阻器具有多种形状和尺寸:

Through Hole Resistors

Through Hole Resistors

Saying ‘通过洞’可能是一个概括,但是如果我们按形状和大小对所有电阻进行分类,我们最终将获得几乎无尽的列表。

通过孔电阻,与电阻一起根据它们消散的力量进行评分。最小的可能是1/8W电阻,这意味着它们可以消散1/8瓦或125MW的1/8。在秤的另一端,您可以找到耗散100W的电阻。

可变电阻器(电位计)

Variable Resistora.k.a电位计as the name suggests is used to vary the value of the resistor as required. There are manytypes of variable resistors,您可能已经注意到了大的knob types variable resistors在旧收音机上调整站点或控制体积。除此之外,还有一个小的可变电阻器称为修剪器which are used to fine tune or calibrate an electronic circuit after the design is complete.

SMD电阻

SMD电阻

SMD代表表面安装设备。这些电阻s设计为焊接到PCB的表面,并且很小。它们有各种尺寸,可以消散不同的力量。

SMDResistor Sizes

不同类型的电阻

除了具有各种形状和大小的形状外,电阻还根据活性材料制成的内容进行分类。

碳电阻

碳膜电阻

The resistive material in these resistors is made of carbon or graphite dust. Since carbon compounds burn easily, these resistors can handle only low amounts of dissipated powers. Also since the material is a powder, they are not very accurate and have loose tolerances.

金属膜电阻s

金属膜电阻

就像他们的名字暗示的那样,电阻材料是金属膜。由于可以制作或校准金属膜至非常特定的尺寸,因此可以很好地控制电阻,因此这些电阻非常准确。

电线伤害器

电线伤口电阻

The resistive material is made of a wire. Since these wires can be as thick as one likes, these resistors can be made to handle very high powers and are often wound around a ceramic core as shown.

半导体电阻

电阻器上的电阻器

这些电阻s are implemented in silicon and form an integral part of semiconductor ICs.

Uses Of Resistors

最简单的最常见的用途最多,电阻器准确地遵循了这一说法。

1.当前限制:如上所述,电阻可用于限制流入设备的电流。

2.电压隔板:这利用两个电阻将电压除以其电阻之比。这是我最喜欢向人们询问电压分隔线的图像:

Voltage Divider Circuit Diagram

这些电路真的很有用。假设您有5V电源,并且要为3.3V设备供电,可以使用电压分隔器。

They also allow you to measure high voltages by scaling them down. This fact is used by the humble multimeter; the rotary switches on older models were connected to voltage dividing resistors that enabled you to select a scale so that the reading stayed within the range of the analog meters.

3.当前的分流:这些是低值电阻器,用于测量电流,而无需太多干扰测试的电路。它们具有低电阻值和高功率等级。在这种方法中,允许要测量的电流通过电阻,并测量了跨电阻的电压降。一旦知道电压降和电阻值,我们就可以使用欧姆定律(v = ir)来计算电流的值。

Current Shunts

4.向上拉下电阻:一个pull up or pull down resistors are normally used in digital circuits to define the default status of the pin. Consider a microcontroller input pin for example, when there is no voltage applied or circuit is connected to this the pin can read either 1 or 0 this condition is called as floating pin. To avoid this situation the pin is usually pulled up by connecting a resistor to vcc or pulled down by connecting a resistor to ground. The value of resistor here will be normally 10k.

5.传感器:It might be suppressing, but most simple sensors are nothing but variable resistors. Some examples would beLDR,,,,Flex Sensor等等

例如,LDR是特殊的电阻器,其电阻随落在其上的光量而变化。赋予他们这种特殊特性的电阻材料是二硫化物。它们用于夜灯和黑暗探测器之类的东西。

照片电阻

使用电阻时要记住的事情

1.功率耗散:同样,切勿选择具有功率额定功率的电阻器要比您要通过的电阻少。一个好的经验法则是选择具有功率额定值至少高两倍的电阻器。

2.温度系数:这是非常重要的要记住当dealing with resistors that are used with high current or high temperatures since the resistance drifts quite drastically. There are two types of temperature co-efficient one is calledNTC(Negative Temperature coefficient) and the other is calledPTC(正温系数)。对于NTC,随着周围温度的升高,电阻的电阻将降低,而对于PTC,电阻将随着周围温度的升高而增加。该属性也由某些传感器使用热敏电阻测量温度。

Conclusion

电阻,,,,as simple as they may seem, but their applications are endless you can even build a DAC (Digital to analog converter) but just using resistor (R2R) method. Be it a simple Op-amp gain circuit or a complex switching circuit Resistor play a vital role. We have touched all thebasics of resistorsin this article and this should make you feel comfortable while trying to analyze the function of a resistor when you look at a circuit.

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